ABSTRACT
Paired kidneys are located retroperitoneally in para-vertebral gutters and receive 20% of cardiac output. Each kidney is supplied by a single renal artery from aorta in 70% of individuals. Identifying and reporting variations in renal vasculature. This was a case report, from CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore. Anatomical variations in the vascular pattern of kidneys have been well documented in medical literature. Aberrant renal arteries hold significant importance in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Knowing the possibilities of aberrant renal vessels, provides a better approach to radiological and surgical interventions in cases of nephrectomies, renal tumors, transplants and renal vascular disorders. In this milieu, present case is being reported to highlight multiple variations in renal vascular pattern. There was left sided accessory renal artery originating from aorta along with unusually long and little tortuous principal renal artery. There was hilar congestion due to complex arrangement of unusually long pre-hilar portion of segmental veins draining into short renal vein. On the right side extra-hilar [aberrant] renal arteries combined with complex branching pattern of renal arteries was observed in a 40 years old male cadaver, detected during dissection performed in routine gross anatomy course
ABSTRACT
Background: There is widely increasing use of lithium in psychiatric patients. Its chronic use has various side effects on the body. These effects are more severe if drug is withdrawn suddenly, affecting not only body weight but also other organs of the body disturbing hypothalamic- hypophyseal axis
Objective: To document changes in organ-body weight relationship after withdrawal of chronic Lithium administration in rabbits
Material and Methods: Thirty adult male rabbits were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Each group was further divided into three subgroups. Lithium Carbonate powder 34.2 mg per kg body weight was administered daily by oral route in the form of capsule for four weeks to experimental group whereas control group was given empty capsules and normal diet. Animal weight and serum lithium levels were measured at the beginning of the experiment and thereafter checked weekly. After four weeks, one third of the animals in each group were sacrificed and their liver, kidney, thyroid and pituitary were weighed to see the effect of drug. Second and third groups were sacrificed one and two weeks after lithium withdrawal, respectively
Results: The mean serum lithium levels gradually dropped after one week and significant fall was seen after 2 weeks of withdrawal but it did not touch the baseline. After 4 weeks of lithium consumption, hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis showed exaggerated response reflected by statistically significant increase in thyroid weight and statistically significant fall in that of pituitary along with decrease in weight of animal and kidney
Conclusion Abrupt withdrawal of drug set hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis at a new level as reflected by increase in thyroid and pituitary weight. Weight gained by body might be on account of other reasons
ABSTRACT
Sixty male adult albino rabbits were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Each group was divided into three sub-groups. Lithium Carbonate powder 34.2 mg per kg body weight was administered daily by oral route in the form of capsule for four weeks to the experimental group. The control group was given empty capsule and normal diet. Animal weight and serum lithium levels were measured at the beginning of the experiment and were checked weekly. After four weeks, one third of the animal in each group were sacrificed and thyroid were examined to see the affect of drugs on them. Second group was sacrificed after one week of withdrawal and third group after two weeks of withdrawal. The serum lithium levels drop significantly after two weeks of withdrawal but did not reach the base line. There was significant increase in the weight of the animals, weight and relative tissue weight index of the thyroid, mostly due to congestion as hyperplasia and hypertrophy seen after two weeks of withdrawal had no significant increase as compared to the other experimental groups. Therefore, significant increase in weight of thyroid after two weeks of withdrawal can be attributed to persisting lithium in tissues or rebound phenomenon